Sets, Logic and Categories
by Peter Cameron
⇥ Hofstadter's choice of the form of this puzzle was not accidental; he was also teaching the distinction between a theorem and a metatheorem another way. It is a reference to one of the most famous koans of Zen Buddhism, Joshu's Mu:⏎ A monk asked Joshu, a Chinese Zen master: 'Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?'⏎ Joshu answered: 'Mu.'⏎⇥ The answer is a negative term in Chinese, but it does not mean that Joshu has answered 'No.' Rather, his answer is neither 'Yes' nor 'No', but (roughly) 'The wrong question has been asked, or it has been asked from the wrong frame of mind.' Either 'Yes' or 'No' would be an answer in the system in which the questioner is operating; Joshu is commentating on that system from a position outside.🏁