Permafrost, defined as ground that remains frozen for at least two years, covers approximately 24% of land surface of the Northern Hemisphere (Zhang et al., 2008). It is primarily found in region with high-latitude and high-altitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Meredith et al., 2019). The low temperatures in these areas have contributed to the preservation of a large amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) (Hugelius et al., 2014; Mishra et al., 2021). The latest inventory indicates that global surface permafrost (0-3 m) contains 1,014 Pg carbon (C) (Mishra et al., 2021), which represents at least twice as much C as in the atmosphere. This large C pool, however, is now threatened by global warming (Fewster et al., 2022; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021), as permafrost region is warming two- to four-fold faster than the global average (Rantanen et al., 2022). Continued climatic warming has extensively thawed the permafrost, manifested as a thickening of the active layer and the formation of thermokarst landscapes (Olefeldt et al., 2016; Robger et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2022b). These processes will rapidly release permafrost C into the atmosphere (Martens et al., 2022; Miner et al., 2022).🏁

Permafrost, defined as ground that remains frozen for at least two years, covers approximately 24% of land surface of the Northern Hemisphere (Zhang et al., 2008). It is primarily found in region with high-latitude and high-altitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Meredith et al., 2019). The low temperatures in these areas have contributed to the preservation of a large amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) (Hugelius et al., 2014; Mishra et al., 2021). The latest inventory indicates that global surface permafrost (0-3 m) contains 1,014 Pg carbon (C) (Mishra et al., 2021), which represents at least twice as much C as in the atmosphere. This large C pool, however, is now threatened by global warming (Fewster et al., 2022; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021), as permafrost region is warming two- to four-fold faster than the global average (Rantanen et al., 2022). Continued climatic warming has extensively thawed the permafrost, manifested as a thickening of the active layer and the formation of thermokarst landscapes (Olefeldt et al., 2016; Robger et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2022b). These processes will rapidly release permafrost C into the atmosphere (Martens et al., 2022; Miner et al., 2022).🏁